I think John nailed it. It sounds like exactly what happened to me once right after servicing the fuel system. I had just replaced all fuel lines forward of the firewall and an error on my part resulted in reduced fuel flow. It idled fine out to the run up area. Enough fuel in the bowls to sustain the run up, then as I taxied out for take off the bowls filled again, then after departure, I got to about 200 ft and rough running. Engine never quit and I was able to do a 180 and land. I would suspect that there is an issue with fuel flow introduced with yesterday's fuel filter change. My error was, I overtightened a fire sleeve clamp reducing the fuel flow to just above idle requirements.
Lowell